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Infringement of personal medical information can lead to psychological, social, and economic damages; legal repercussions; information abuse; and invasion of patients’ privacy. This study identified the effects of nursing students’ ethical inclination, knowledge, and perception on their medical information protection practice. Participants were third- and fourth-year students of one nursing college in a city in South Korea. Participants’ perception of the importance of medical information protection was correlated with their practice of medical information protection (r = 0.62, P less then .001), and their ethical inclination toward idealism was correlated with perceived need to protect medical information (r = 0.18, P = .049). The perception of the need for medical information protection was a significant predictor of the practice of medical information protection (R2 = 0.39, P less then .001). Findings suggested that nursing students’ perception of medical information protection affected their practice of information protection. Therefore, measures to improve nursing students’ perception of the importance of medical information protection might be useful to improve their practice of information protection in clinical settings. There is an urgent need to identify the barriers to the practice of medical information protection, and ongoing training on medical information protection should be included in nursing courses.Research has shown that nursing students can learn clinical reasoning skills by engaging in simulation games. However, there has been no research regarding the effects of simulation games on clinical reasoning skills when nursing students also engage in virtual reality simulations. Furthermore, by engaging in simulation games, neither game metrics nor their impact on students’ self-evaluated clinical reasoning skills has been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of these two kinds of simulation games using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Forty nursing students self-evaluated their clinical reasoning skills in three phases using the Clinical Reasoning Skills scale. Furthermore, the game metrics of the simulation games were analyzed, and the results clearly showed that students’ self-evaluated clinical reasoning skills were systematically improved. There was a systematic association between better playing scores and better self-evaluated clinical reasoning skills in playing both kinds of simulation games. Moreover, students engaged more time in the virtual reality simulation than the computer-based simulation game. Overall, the results suggest that the use of a combination of both kinds of simulation games is an effective way for nursing students to learn clinical reasoning skills.

To evaluate the prophylactic effects of immunosuppressants in corneal graft rejection after high-risk penetrating keratoplasty.

We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for comparative studies published between 1989 and 2019 that evaluated the efficacy of immunosuppressants for high-risk corneal graft. The primary outcomes were the 1- and 3-year rejection rates. A fixed-effects or random-effects model was used on the basis of the I2 value, and the results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Topical tacrolimus (FK506) was more effective than topical cyclosporine A (CsA) at reducing the 1-year graft rejection rate (OR 0.17; 95% CI, 0.08-0.37, P<0.01). However, the combination of steroid with either topical FK506 (OR 0.4; 95% CI, 0.16-1.04, P = 0.09) or CsA (OR 0.74; 95% CI, 0.32-1.71, P= 0.48) did not show significant superiority in preventing immune rejection compared with steroid monotherapy. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was more effective than CsA at reducing the 1-year graft rejection rate (OR 2.67; 95% CI, 1.50-4.76, P<0.01). However, MMF was not significantly superior to CsA at reducing the 3-year graft rejection rate (OR 1.21; 95% CI, 0.45-3.25, P = 0.71). read more For reducing the 1-year rejection rate, MMF (OR 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.39, P < 0.01) and CsA (OR 0.28; 95% CI, 0.10-0.76, P = 0.01) were each more effective than the control groups.

FK506 eye drops, MMF, and systemic CsA were considered to be promising management to prevent rejection in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty in the present study.

FK506 eye drops, MMF, and systemic CsA were considered to be promising management to prevent rejection in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty in the present study.

To determine the prevalence of survival of corneal grafts and visual outcomes of primary penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in infants with Peters anomaly (PA) in Beijing, China.

Twenty-nine patients (37 eyes) with PA who underwent PK before the age of 1 year were included. Optical correction for all eyes and occlusion therapy of amblyopia for a unilateral opacity were performed 2 weeks after suture removal. All infants underwent assessment of visual acuity after surgery using Teller Acuity Cards. Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Visual outcomes and prognosis factors were analyzed using the χ2 test.

The mean age of 29 infants undergoing primary PK was 5.7 ± 2.3 months. The mean follow-up duration was 18.0 ± 3.0 months. Twenty-seven (73.0%) of 37 grafts retained full clarity at final follow-up. Visual acuity above ambulatory was achieved in 67.6% (25/37) and >20/260 was achieved in 48.6% (18/37) of cases. Of all surgical indications, vascularized PA I (50.0%, 6/12) and PA II (18.2%, 2/11) showed a lower proportion achieving visual acuity >20/260 than nonvascularized PA I (71.4%, 10/14) (P = 0.030 < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of graft survival and vision outcome between infants younger than 6 months and older than >6 months.

For infants with PA who underwent PK, the prevalence of graft survival and visual acuity were related mainly to the indication. The main risk factors were corneal vascularization and an abnormal lens.

For infants with PA who underwent PK, the prevalence of graft survival and visual acuity were related mainly to the indication. The main risk factors were corneal vascularization and an abnormal lens.