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The recommendation is that whenever hair samples need to be tested for total FAEEs or EtPa, the analytical procedure needs to be performed within one week after collection in order to obtain meaningful results. The study results substantiate the case for the use of hair samples solely for the analysis of EtG, in conjunction with other measurements alcohol consumption such as full blood count (FBC), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin test (CDT), liver function test (LFT) or phosphatidylethanol (PEth) alongside clinical assessment for a more effective evaluation of alcohol consumption. © The Author(s) 2020. H3B-120 price Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music emerged following discontinuation of psychedelic therapy research in the early 1970s, but psychedelic therapy research has since revived. Music remains a vital component. This study examined participants’ experiences of music in psychedelic therapy research. A rapid review of qualitative and quantitative journal articles in four major databases was conducted in February to April, 2019, using the terms hallucinogens, psychedelic, “lysergic acid diethylamide,” psilocybin, ayahuasca, music, and/or “music therapy.” Of 406 articles retrieved, 10 were included (n = 180; 18-69 years old). Participants had varied backgrounds. Music was widely considered integral for meaningful emotional and imagery experiences and self-exploration during psychedelic therapy. Music transformed through its elicitation of anthropomorphic, transportive, synesthetic, and material sensations. Music could convey love, carry listeners to other realms, be something to “hold,” inspire, and elicit a deepserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Isoleucic acid (ILA ), a branched-chain amino acid-related 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid, occurs ubiquitously in plants. ILA enhances pathogen resistance and inhibits root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. The salicylic acid (SA) glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 is able to conjugate ILA as well. Here, we investigate the role of ILA in planta and reveal a triad of distinct responses to this small molecule. ILA synergistically cooperates with SA to activate SA-responsive gene expression and resistance in a UGT76B1-dependent manner in agreement with the observed competitive ILA-dependent repression of SA glucosylation by UGT76B1. However, ILA also shows an SA-independent stress response. NBT staining and pharmacological experiments indicate that ILA induces superoxide formation of the wild type and of an SA-deficient (NahG sid2) line. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of ILA on root growth is independent of both SA and superoxide induction. These effects of ILA are specific and distinct from its isomeric compound leucic acid and from the amino acid isoleucine. Leucic acid and isoleucine do not induce expression of defense marker genes or superoxide production, whereas both compounds inhibit root growth. All three responses to ILA are also observed in Brassica napus. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.OBJECTIVES This research compares three cohorts of individuals in their fifth decade of life and examines whether sleep problems are greater in cohorts following the Great Recession. We argue that these differences will occur because post-recession cohorts are exposed to more economic burdens that harm sleep. We also suggest that post-recession exposure to economic burdens will be amplified among women, leading to greater cross-cohort differences in sleep problems. METHODS Data were derived from the Health and Retirement Study, focusing on cohort surveys starting in 2004, 2010, and 2016 (N=12,129). Structural equation models compared cohorts in latent levels of sleep problems, and also examined whether economic burdens mediated cohort differences. Interactions tested whether cohort differences varied between men and women. RESULTS The 2010 and 2016 cohorts had higher mean levels of sleep problems than the 2004 cohort. Greater post-recession exposure to economic burdens largely explained inter-cohort change in sleep problems, with this pattern stronger among women. DISCUSSION Americans are approaching their senior years increasingly burdened by economic stressors that incur sleep problems. Practitioners and aging researchers should be prepared to address deleterious health consequences created by heightened sleep impairments. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.STUDY OBJECTIVES A cognitive throughput task known as the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) (or Symbol Digit Modalities Test) has been used as an assay of general cognitive slowing during sleep deprivation. Here, the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on specific cognitive processes involved in DSST performance, including visual search, spatial memory, paired-associate learning, and motor response, were investigated through targeted task manipulations. METHODS A total of 12 DSST variants, designed to manipulate the use of specific cognitive processes, were implemented in two laboratory-based TSD studies with N = 59 and N = 26 subjects, respectively. In each study, the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) was administered alongside the DSST variants. RESULTS TSD reduced cognitive throughput on all DSST variants, with response time distributions exhibiting rightward skewing. All DSST variants showed practice effects, which were however minimized by inclusion of a pause between trials. Importantly, TSD-induced impairment on the DSST variants was not uniform, with a principal component analysis revealing three factors. Diffusion model decomposition of cognitive processes revealed that inter-individual differences during TSD on a two-alternative forced choice DSST variant were different from those on the PVT. CONCLUSIONS While reduced cognitive throughput has been interpreted to reflect general cognitive slowing, such TSD-induced impairment appears to reflect cognitive instability, like on the PVT, rather than general slowing. Further, comparisons between task variants revealed not one, but three distinct underlying processes impacted by sleep deprivation. Moreover, the practice effect on the task was found to be independent of the TSD effect and minimized by a task pacing manipulation. © Sleep Research Society 2020. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Sleep Research Society]. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.