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Their microbiomes contained more taxa associated with domesticated animals and their potential pathogens, suggesting a shift in potential metagenome functions. On the one hand, the compositional shift could indicate a degree of gut microbial adaption known as metagenomic plasticity. On the other hand, the greater variation in community structure and reduced alpha diversity may signal a decline in beneficial microbial functions and illustrate that gut adaption may not catch up with anthropogenic disturbances, even in a generalist species with large phenotypic plasticity, with potentially harmful consequences to both wildlife and human health.Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton. Maintaining intracellular P homeostasis against environmental P variability is critical for phytoplankton, but how they achieve this is poorly understood. Here we identify a SPX gene and investigate its role in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. SPX knockout led to significant increases in the expression of phosphate transporters, alkaline phosphatases (the P acquisition machinery) and phospholipid hydrolases (a mechanism to reduce P demand). These demonstrate that SPX is a negative regulator of both P uptake and P-stress responses. Furthermore, we show that SPX regulation of P uptake and metabolism involves a phosphate starvation response regulator (PHR) as an intermediate. Additionally, we find the SPX related genes exist and operate across the phytoplankton phylogenetic spectrum and in the global oceans, indicating its universal importance in marine phytoplankton. This study lays a foundation for better understanding phytoplankton adaptation to P variability in the future changing oceans.Failing to consider the strong correlations between weights and topological properties in capacity-weighted networks renders test results on the scale-free property unreliable. According to the preferential attachment mechanism, existing high-degree nodes normally attract new nodes. However, in capacity-weighted networks, the weights of existing edges increase as the network grows. We propose an optimized simplification method and apply it to international trade networks. Our study covers more than 1200 product categories annually from 1995 to 2018. We find that, on average, 38%, 38% and 69% of product networks in export, import and total trade are scale-free. Furthermore, the scale-free characteristics differ depending on the technology. Counter to expectations, the exports of high-technology products are distributed worldwide rather than concentrated in a few developed countries. Our research extends the scale-free exploration of capacity-weighted networks and demonstrates that choosing appropriate filtering methods can clarify the properties of complex networks.The outcomes of patients with immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease (IgG4-RD) who are not treated are unclear. This study aimed to clarify these outcomes and identify the factors related to them. We retrospectively evaluated various clinical features including laboratory data and involved organs at diagnosis in 107 patients with IgG4-RD, who were followed up for more than 6 months, at a single center in Japan. We compared the clinical features of the 27 untreated patients with those of the 80 patients treated with glucocorticoid. The patient outcomes were investigated, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors related to them. The patients comprised 73 men and 34 women (median age 67 years). The untreated patients had significantly lower IgG4-RD responder index (9 vs. 12) and fewer affected organs (1 vs. selleck chemicals 3) than did those treated with glucocorticoid. Of these 27 patients, 8 experienced deterioration of IgG4-RD after the diagnosis. In the age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analysis, serum IgG4 elevation (per 100 mg/dL, odds ratio 1.194, 95% confidence interval 1.017-1.402) was the only significant factor related to disease deterioration in untreated patients with IgG4-RD, whereas not serum IgG4 levels (per 100 mg/dL, odds ratio 0.995, 95% confidence interval 0.921-1.075) but history of allergy (OR 3.134, 95% confidence interval 1.094-8.977, P = 0.033) related to deterioration in patients who underwent treatment. Serum IgG4 levels may be a useful predictor of unfavorable outcomes in untreated patients with IgG4-RD, who tend to have fewer affected organs and lower IgG4-RD responder index.This study assessed the impact of cumulative match time on the distribution of CD45+ cell subtests in the capillary blood of professional soccer players. Twenty-two males (aged 18-30 years) took part in the 36-week study. Participants playing up to 540 in cumulative match time and less than 30 min in each single match during the observation period formed the control group. White blood cell (WBC) phenotyping and creatine kinase (CK) plasma activity analyses were performed. Also, counts for WBC subsets were determined. No significant differences in the hematological parameters or lymphocyte and NK cell percentages were observed between the control and study groups. Changes in the T cell percentage were significant during weeks 11 and 30 and in Th and Tc cell percentages during weeks 2 and 26. Significant correlations were found between the cumulative match time and Th, NK, and B cell percentages; monocyte counts; and CK activity in the control group. However, for the study group, correlations were found between cumulative match time and Th, Tc, and B cell percentages; CK activity; and the CK ratio. Our study suggests that the distribution of CD45+ cells might be a useful tool for monitoring the immune status of professional soccer players.The most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion within the C9orf72 gene. Reduced levels of C9orf72 mRNA and protein have been found in ALS/FTD patients, but the role of this protein in disease pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a stable C9orf72 loss-of-function (LOF) model in the zebrafish. We show that reduced C9orf72 function leads to motor defects, muscle atrophy, motor neuron loss and mortality in early larval and adult stages. Analysis of the structure and function of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of the larvae, reveal a marked reduction in the number of presynaptic and postsynaptic structures and an impaired release of quantal synaptic vesicles at the NMJ. Strikingly, we demonstrate a downregulation of SV2a upon C9orf72-LOF and a reduced rate of synaptic vesicle cycling. Furthermore, we show a reduced number and size of Rab3a-postive synaptic puncta at NMJs.